• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
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  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    An inventive method for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid comprises the following steps: detecting load variables (P) for the relevant power grid; Determining a value (X) for the failure safety as a function of at least the recorded load variables (P) and a network topology of the power grid; and outputting the fail-safe value (X). The invention also relates to a system for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid.
    公开号:CH711365A2
    申请号:CH01109/15
    申请日:2015-07-30
    公开日:2017-01-31
    发明作者:Stefanidou Ifigeneia；Moor Daniel
    申请人:Axpo Power AG；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Field of the invention
    The invention relates to a method for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid, an associated computer program element, and a system for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid.
    background
    The monitoring, design and planning of power grids is of great importance, especially with regard to the potential consequences of power outages.
    The aim is to be able to estimate a power grid in terms of its reliability.
    Presentation of the invention
    This object is achieved by the method according to claim 1 and the system according to claim 10.
    The method for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid comprises the following steps: detecting load variables for the relevant power grid; Determining a value for the failure safety as a function of at least the recorded load sizes and a network topology of the power grid; and outputting the fail-safe value. The system for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid includes means for detecting load sizes for the relevant power grid, a computing unit for determining a value for the reliability of the power grid as a function of at least the recorded load sizes and a network topology of the power grid, and means for outputting the reliability value.
    A power grid is to be understood in particular as an electrical energy supply network in energy terms, for the transmission of electrical energy to consumers to their energy supply, the electrical energy is generated, for example, from feeding into the grid power generators, such as power plants. For the purposes of the invention, a power network can only be part of a larger power network, if only this part is to be the subject of failure considerations, or a power grid defined by a common grid operator, for example, or an interconnected grid or island grid. The power grid is used to transfer electrical energy from the energy producers to the energy consumers, whereby energy consumers can in turn be regarded as composite consumers such as municipalities or cities, or individual consumers such as households or businesses.
    Preferably, a power grid includes one or more electrical power lines such as overhead lines or ground lines, and / or transformers - short called transformers, for example, in substations or transformer stations, in which the voltages between subnets are spanned. Cables and transformers are collectively referred to below as elements of the power grid. Power grids preferably also include one or more switchgear, also referred to below as network nodes, to which lines, consumers, energy generators or transformers are connected. In a further development of the invention, switchgear also belongs to the elements of the power grid. A power network according to the invention may comprise different voltage levels - such as combinations of maximum voltage, high voltage or medium voltage - or even only a single voltage level.
    For each element or a set of elements of the power grid, preferably for each line and each transformer of the power network at least one load size is detected. Under load sizes are generally understood sizes that reflect an electrical load on the element with an electric power. These include, for example, active and / or reactive and / or apparent power. These load quantities, preferably detected in the dimension megawatt MW, are preferably detected in a normal operation of the power grid, i. in one operation without failure of one or more elements. In particular, for example, per line and per transformer a power value is detected, with which the element concerned is acted upon as a load flow. The load variables are therefore preferably electrical power quantities which indicates the electrical load of the relevant element at the respective time. A load variable can preferably be measured directly in the power grid, which also includes deriving the load variable from other electrical quantities measured in the power grid, such as current and voltage. A load size may also be detected by a load flow calculation which calculates load sizes per line and transformer based on a given topology of the power grid and an assumed consumption of electrical energy by consumers and an assumed generation and supply of electrical energy to the grid and a given resource state , Also, load variables of the power network can be derived from measured values in the power grid in the past. The associated means for load size detection can therefore comprise measuring devices or also calculating devices.
    Depending on the detected load sizes and depending on a network topology of the power grid, a value for the reliability of the power grid is now determined. Fail-safety indicates how safe a power grid is with the specified topology, preferably the stated state of the grid systems and the detection of load variables against failures. The range of acceptable fail-safe values may be defined by a minimum indicating a high-probability, large-scale failure, and a maximum indicating safe operation with high redundancy. Based on this, a network operator may define specific value ranges within the permissible value range within which the network operation is tolerable, desired, and intolerable.
    Preferably, the value for the reliability is output, for example on an output device such as a display. In this case, the output device may be arranged spatially separated from the arithmetic unit, for example as a display in a control room of the network operator. Alternatively, the output device may be a display associated with the computing unit.
    Preferably, for example, a fail-safe value, which marks the beginning of a non-tolerable operating range for the network operator, represents a threshold value with which the currently determined fail-safe value is compared. If the fail-safe value exceeds this threshold value, a warning is preferably output on an optical or acoustic unit. This warning may for example be issued in a control room of the network operator, so that operating personnel can prepare for an impending failure. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, for example, an action can be automatically triggered even when the threshold value is exceeded, for example, the connection of other energy producers, the switching of consumers to other (sub) networks, or the like.
    In this respect, the inventive method and the inventive system for evaluating the reliability of power networks, either in real time taking into account current measured load sizes, or offline based on measured load variables of the past, calculated or anticipated load sizes, and thus is suitable for monitoring a Power network, but also for the planning of power grids, or for the evaluation of network conditions from the past. In particular, decisions can be made with the method or system according to the invention for variants and for the prioritization of (n-1) -safe variants and an evaluation of different network regions. By way of example, an annual performance of the grid operation can be achieved by averaging the fail-safe values determined over the year.
    Preferably, determining the value for the failsafe comprises forming an average load value over the load sizes detected for the lines. The line average load value is preferably standardized in the following to a line load standard. In general, in this case as well as in the other exemplary embodiments, the normalization serves to establish the comparability of different variables which enter into the calculation. In a preferred refinement, an ideal value is used for each standard which, for example, corresponds to a desired value-here, for example, to a desired line load-or to an average value of the past, that is to say a "normal" underlying network operation.
    In the same way is advantageous - if at least one transformer in the considered power grid is present - an average value formed on the load variables recorded for the transformers and normalized to a Traffastnorm.
    In the fail-safe value so the loads acting on lines and transformers enter a. The higher these load sizes, the lower the reliability. The smaller these load sizes, the higher the reliability.
    Preferably, the maximum load variable detected across all lines and transformers also enters into the fail-safety as the maximum load value, preferably in a standardized form, i. E. based on a maximum load standard. It has been recognized that peak loads significantly affect reliability, not just the average loads mentioned above. In addition, an average deviation of voltage values of assigned voltage limit values detected for the power grid preferably additionally enters into the determination of the fail-safety, again preferably in standardized form, that is to say based on a voltage deviation standard. For this purpose, voltage values are used at network nodes, which are likewise preferably measured or calculated. Equal to the load flow quantities, which are regarded as a preferred form of the load variables, at least one voltage value is recorded per network node, for example. The assigned voltage limits may be maximum voltage values for the respective network node that are permissible for the operation of the respective element.
    If the variables previously used in the determination of the failure safety are preferably based on operation of the power grid without failure of one or more elements, then the behavior of the power grid is decisive for the assessment of the failure safety as well - and preferred exactly one - element of the power network has failed. Based on the concrete load variables of normal operation can be calculated - preferably in the form of a simulation, how the load sizes change when one of the elements fails. In this respect, in a preferred development, assuming the failure of a first element, the load sizes for the remaining n-1 element are determined, provided that the power network contains n elements on which the calculation is based. From these determined load variables, a first average load value is formed. Then, assuming the failure of another element, the load sizes for the remaining n-1 elements are determined. From these determined load sizes, a second average load value is formed, and so on. Finally, a total average load value is formed from the n determined average load values, which in turn is preferably normalized to a total average load standard.
    Preferably, a maximum load value is determined from the determined for all failure variants load sizes, which is preferably normalized to a failure maximum load standard. In a further refinement, a minimum deviation is determined from voltage variables determined for the power network from an assigned voltage limit value, again in the event of failure of any of the elements. The minimum voltage deviation may be normalized to a minimum voltage deviation standard.
    It also finds the topology of the power grid entrance into the determination of the reliability. On the one hand, depending on the meshing in case of failure of an element of the power grid, no, smaller or larger parts of the power grid may be affected and also affected, i. especially fail. In this case, for example, the number of those network nodes in the power network is determined, which are so-called "n-1" -safe, i. which have a redundant connection and in case of failure of an element in a path leading to the network node are still accessible via the other path / connection. On the other hand, it is preferable to determine the number of those network nodes in the power network that remain unprovided despite a failure of an element of the power network, that is to say so-called only "n-0" -safe.
    As an additional influence variable, the technical design of the switchgear in the network node is preferably used, also referred to as layout. For this purpose, the switchgear is preferably classified in switchgear classes and determines the number of switchgear in the power grid per switchgear class. Exemplary switchgear classes can, for example, be fanned out using the following properties of switchgear:<tb> 1) <SEP> with double busbar / with single rail,<tb> 2) <SEP> with dome field / without dome field,<tb> 3) <SEP> with / without longitudinal separation.
    Here, for example, the asset class contributes the most to the reliability, whose switchgear has the most redundancy, that is, for example, the switchgear with double rail with dome field and longitudinal separation. Preferably, the number of switchgear systems per asset class are determined.
    Due to the fact that, although the number of non-powered consumers is significant in the event of a power failure, it may make a difference in the consequences of whether a household or a business is left unattended, preferably the total load (for example in MW) of all consumers instead of their number, which remain powered despite a failure of an element of the power grid. This corresponds to adding up the loads of all loads powered by a "n-1" -secure network branch, while also summing up the loads of all consumers that are powered by only one "n-0" -secure network branch and thus one Failure of an element of the power network to be left unattended. In each case, the consumption of the individual consumers must be recorded in advance, for example by measurement, statistical averaging, and / or estimation. Preferably, the undelivered power is included in case of failure of an element.
    In an advantageous development of the state of elements of the power grid, and thus the probability of failure of these individual elements is included in the determination of the resilience value for the considered network in addition.
    Another aspect of the invention relates to a computer program element containing computer program code for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding embodiments when the computer program element is executed on a processor.
    Brief description of the drawings
    Further embodiments, advantages and applications of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims and from the following description with reference to the figures. Showing:<Tb> FIG. 1 <SEP> is a schematic view of a power grid,<Tb> FIG. 2 <SEP> a system for computer-aided determination of the failure safety of a power network according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, for example of the power network according to FIG. 1,<Tb> FIG. 3 <SEP> in diagrams a) to c) various topologies of a power network, and in diagrams d) and e) various system designs,<Tb> FIG. 4 <SEP> is a table for explaining the method according to an embodiment of the invention,<Tb> FIG. 5 <SEP> another table for explaining the method according to an embodiment of the invention,<Tb> FIG. FIG. 6 shows a third table for explaining the method according to an embodiment of the invention, and FIG<Tb> FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a method for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power network according to an embodiment of the invention.
    Detailed description of the drawings
    Fig. 1 shows a schematic view of a power grid 1, which represents a partial flow network in this case. A power generator 2 feeds the power grid 1. Furthermore, the power grid 1 is fed via bus bars 14, in this case via a first bus bar 141 and a second bus bar 141 from another partial power grid. The power grid 1 itself has a transformer 12 and various lines 11. The lines 11 are connected to each other via network nodes 13. In particular, a line 111 is connected via a network node 131 to a line 112, which in turn is connected via a network node 132 to a line 113. Consumers 13 are connected to the power grid 1: A consumer 31 is connected to the network node 132. Another consumer 32 is connected via a network node 133.
    2 shows a system for computer-aided determination of the failure safety of a power grid according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, for example of the power grid according to FIG. 1. The system includes a computing unit 7 for determining a value for the reliability of the power grid. Means 4 for detecting load variables for the relevant power grid receive these as input variables to the computing unit 7. These are in particular load flow variables per line of the power grid, load flow variables per transformer of the power grid and voltage variables per network node and busbar. 1, the load sizes P111, P112 and P113 for the lines 111, 112 and 113 are detected, the load size P12for the transformer 12, as well as the voltage variables V141, V142, V131, V132, V133. With these load variables, the arithmetic unit 7 is fed. Furthermore, the arithmetic unit 7 accesses data regarding the network topology of the power network for determining the reliability, for example, data of a database 5 or other memory, as well as information about an operating state of elements of the power network, for example, from a database 6 or other memory.
    The arithmetic unit 7, for example containing a processor, determined based on the input variables a value X, which represents the reliability of the power grid. This value X is supplied to a device 8, for example a display, and is output or displayed there. In addition, the fail-safe value X is preferably compared to a threshold value S in the arithmetic unit 7. If the threshold value S is exceeded by the fail-safe value X, a warning W is preferably transmitted to an optical or acoustic warning device 9 and output there.
    Fig. 5 shows a table for explaining the method according to an embodiment of the invention. The recorded load quantities are processed according to this table as follows: Line 1: The recorded load values ("load") per line are averaged to a line average load value, which in turn is normalized to a line load standard ("ideal"), which, for example, the ideal averaged load flow indicates the lines. The same calculation is made in line 2 with regard to the load sizes of transformers in the power grid. In the present example, a distinction is made between several different transformer voltages, which have different ideal transformer load standards. From the recorded load variables for the lines and the transformers of the power grid, the maximum occurring in the power grid load size is determined as maximum load and normalized to a maximum load standard, and used to determine the fail-safe value, provided that the maximum load value is greater than the maximum load standard. According to line 4, voltages detected at network nodes are compared with associated voltage limits. The deviations are averaged over all measuring points and related voltage deviation norms, which differ depending on the voltage level. All the above investigations are preferably carried out on a power grid in normal operation, i. without failure of one or more of its elements. In the present case, this is indicated by the "n-1" operation for lines 1 to 4.
    In lines 5 to 7, calculations are made based on an "n-0" operation, i. it has already failed an element of the power grid. Here, according to line 5 in this mode - assuming that the power grid has n elements - the load sizes of the remaining n-1 elements determined based on the load sizes for normal operation. These «failure» load sizes are averaged. These calculations are preferably made by means of a simulation of the power grid, which simulation calculates the associated «failure» load sizes. Hereinafter, a total average load value is formed over all the previously calculated average load value, which in turn is related to an overall average load standard and is included only in the calculation of the fail-safe value in the case where the total average load value exceeds the overall average load standard, i. the ideal value is. From the determined load variables for "n-0" operation, the largest load size is determined as the maximum failure load value for all failure variants and normalized to a failure maximum load standard, which is only included in the calculation of the fail-safe value for the case maximum failure load value is greater than the failure maximum load standard, ie the ideal value, see line 6. Finally, a minimal deviation is determined in line 7, namely from all voltage values calculated at the network nodes for the different failure variants with respect to assigned voltage limits. This minimum voltage deviation is normalized to minimum voltage deviation norms depending on the voltage level.
    Preferably, the values determined individually (per line) - also called indicators - are weighted and added to an intermediate variable, the so-called load flow parameter. This load flow parameter is then weighted 1/3 and added to other weighted parameters.
    In general, and independent of the present embodiment, load and voltage magnitude-dependent ratios are determined, relative to each other by normalization, weighted, then preferably added, again weighted, and added to other in turn weighted parameters concerning the topology and preferably the operating state of the power grid.
    Fig. 6 shows a table for explaining the method according to an embodiment of the invention for the determination of a network topology parameter, which weighted enters the fail-safe value in addition to at least the weighted load flow parameter value. In order to determine the network policy parameter, the loads taken by consumers are recorded in MW, for example by measurement or by the use of known values, for example from the past. According to line 1, it is then calculated how many megawatts of power consumption are supplied via "n-1" -safe network nodes, which are thus also supplied according to the definition of "n-1" - despite the failure of a single element in the power grid. An "n-1" secure network with "n-1" secure network nodes is exemplified in Fig. 3b): In case of failure of any element, for example a line between two network nodes, an "n-1" secure network node such as about the doubly circled network node can still be achieved via a respective different line path.
    According to line 2 of Fig. 6, it is calculated how many megawatts of power are supplied via "n-0" secure network nodes, i. How many megawatts of power are not protected by redundant provisions in the power grid against the failure of an element. An "n-0" secure network with "n-0" secure nodes is exemplified in Fig. 3a): In case of failure of any element, for example a line between two network nodes, an "n-0" secure network node such as about the double circled network node can not be reached.
    0 MW is the ideal value for both considerations from lines 1 and 2 of FIG. 6, since an "n-2" secured network would be ideal both for a "n-0" secure network and for a "n-0" secure network. n-1 »secure network.
    Line 3 of Table 6 relates to the undelivered power, i. the consumers who are not supplied or the output that has not been fed in.
    According to lines 4 to 6, the number of network nodes are determined in the power grid, the "n-1" are safe (line 4), or the "n-0" are safe (line 5. In line 6 are the unsupported substations UW (network nodes and busbars).
    Further, according to lines 7 to 10, the switchgear layout is taken into account. As already disclosed, switchgear can be in network nodes of different technical training and thus provide different redundancy and thus security. Thus, in the present case as switchgear classes a double busbar with dome with longitudinal separation, a double busbar with dome without longitudinal separation, see also Fig. 3d) as an example, a double busbar without dome and without longitudinal separation out, as well as a single busbar with longitudinal separation, as well as a single busbar without Longitudinal separation, see also Fig. 3e. Here also other or other switchgear classes can be led. The number of switchgear units per switchgear class is determined and entered as difference to the ideal value in the determination of the fail-safe value.
    Preferably, the values thus determined individually (per line) are added to an intermediate variable, the so-called topological parameter. This topological parameter is then weighted by 1/3 and added to further weighted parameters, which are explained with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5.
    Fig. 4 shows a table for explaining the method according to an embodiment of the invention for the determination of a state parameter for the power grid, which is weighted preferably received in the fail-safe value in addition to the weighted load flow parameter value and the weighted topological parameter. To determine the state parameter of the power grid, the state of the individual network elements and thus the probability of failure of individual network elements are accessed. Network elements are typically lines, switchgear and transformers, the state of which in turn can be aggregated from the states of the individual components, as in the example according to FIG. 4 for lines from the states of the structures (mast and mast foundation), the insulator chains and the Beseilungen. In principle, the variables of state which influence the probability of default, such as age, inspection results, but also the duration of emergencies, such as spare parts availability, are included in the survey.
    Preferably, the values determined individually (per line) are added to an intermediate variable, the so-called state parameter. This state parameter is then weighted by 1/3 and added to other weighted parameters, which will be explained with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
    Fig. 7 shows a diagram representing a method for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid according to an embodiment of the invention. In step S1, the load flows are detected as load variables and data on the network topology and the status of elements of the network are tapped. In step S2, depending on the recorded load variables and the data provided, first individual indicators for evaluating the reliability are determined, for example as results per row of the tables from FIGS. 4 to 6. Finally, in step S22, these indicators are weighted and added up to the parameters load flow, topology and operation, before these are again weighted and then added to the failsafe value X in step S3.
    It should be noted that not all indicators from Tables 4 to 6 must always be included in the calculation of the resilience value.
    While preferred embodiments of the invention are described in the present application, it should be clearly understood that the invention is not limited to these and may be practiced otherwise within the scope of the following claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (10)
    [1]
    1. A method for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power grid (1), comprising the stepsDetecting load variables (P) for the relevant power grid (1),Determining a value (X) for the failure safety as a function of at least the recorded load variables (P) and a network topology of the power grid (1), andOutput of the fail-safe value (X).
    [2]
    2. The method of claim 1, comprising displaying the fail-safe value (X) on a display device (8), andin particular, issuing a warning (W) on an optical or acoustic unit (9) when a threshold value (S) is exceeded by the fail-safe value (X).
    [3]
    3. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein detecting the load quantities (P) theDetecting load quantities for individual elements (11, 12) of the power network (1), andin particular in which the power network (1) contains lines (11) and transformers (12) as elements (11, 12) and the detection of the load variables (P) comprises:Detecting at least one load variable (P11) j e line (11),- Detecting at least one load variable (P12) 'per transformer (12).
    [4]
    4. The method according to claim 3,where determining the value (X) for failover comprises:Forming an average load value over the load quantities (P11) detected for the lines (11),- normalizing the line average load value to a line load standard;Forming an average value over the load variables (P12) detected for the transformers (12),- normalizing the transformer average load value to a transformer load standard,and preferably wherein determining the value (X) for fail-safety additionally comprises:Determining a maximum load value from the detected load variables (P11, P12) for the lines (11) and the detected load variables (P12) for the transformers (12),- normalizing the maximum load value to a maximum load standard,and preferably in which the determination of the value (X) for the failure safety preferably additionally comprises:Forming an average deviation from permissible limits of voltage values detected for the power grid (1),- Normalizing the average voltage deviation to a voltage deviation standard.
    [5]
    5. A method according to claim 3 or claim 4, wherein determining the value (X) for fail-safe further comprises, based on the detected load quantities (P), and for each element i from 1 to n elements (11, 12) of Electricity network (1):- if one element fails, i determining load variables (P) for the other n-1 elements in the power grid (1),Forming an average load value over the load sizes detected for the other n-1 elements,in which a total average load value is formed over all average load values formed, and preferably- the total average load value is normalized to an overall average load standard,A maximum load value is determined from the determined load variables in case of failure of any element i,- the maximum failure load value is normalized to a failure maximum load standard;A minimum deviation from permissible limit values is determined by voltage quantities determined for the power grid (1) in the event of failure of any of the elements;- the minimum voltage deviation is normalized to a minimum voltage deviation standard.
    [6]
    6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,in which the detection of the load variables comprises the detection of load variables for consumers (3) connected to the power grid (1) and producers (2) feeding into the power grid (1),where determining the value (X) for failover comprises:- Determining a total load of all consumers (3), which remain supplied despite a failure of an element (11, 12) of the power grid (1);- Determining a total load of all consumers who remain unprovided in case of failure of an element (11, 12) of the power grid (1);- Determining an undelivered power in case of failure of an element (2).
    [7]
    7. The method according to claim 6,where determining the value (X) for failover comprises:- Determining a number of network nodes (13) in the power grid (1), which remain powered despite a failure of an element (11, 12) of the power grid (1);- determining a number of network nodes (13) which remain unprovided in the event of a failure of an element (11, 12) of the power network (1);- Classifying switchgear of network nodes (13) in switchgear classes and determining the number of switchgears in the power grid per switchgear class.
    [8]
    8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, comprisingDetermining the fail-safe value (X) additionally in dependence on an operating state of elements (11, 12) of the power grid (1).
    [9]
    9. Computer program element containing computer program code for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims when the computer program element is executed on a processor.
    [10]
    10. System for computer-aided determination of the reliability of a power network, comprisingMeans (4) for detecting load variables (P) for the relevant power grid (1),a computing unit (7) for determining a value (X) for the reliability of the power grid (1) as a function of at least the detected load variables (P) and a network topology of the power grid (1), andmeans (8) for outputting the fail-safe value (X).
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    同族专利:
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    DE102016211275A1|2017-02-02|
    CH711365B1|2020-06-15|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    CH01109/15A|CH711365B1|2015-07-30|2015-07-30|Reliability of power grids.|CH01109/15A| CH711365B1|2015-07-30|2015-07-30|Reliability of power grids.|
    DE102016211275.9A| DE102016211275A1|2015-07-30|2016-06-23|Resilience of power grids|
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